Hypophyse
Glandula pituitaria
Often described as the master endocrine gland, the pituitary coordinates the activity of other endocrine glands through the hormones it secretes, governing growth, reproduction, thyroid function, adrenal function, and water balance. This pea-sized gland occupies the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and connects to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum, or pituitary stalk. Its anterior lobe, the adenohypophysis, produces six major hormones, while its posterior lobe, the neurohypophysis, stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone made by the hypothalamus. Pituitary adenomas can cause hormone excess or deficiency: excess growth hormone produces acromegaly, and excess ACTH produces Cushing's disease. Pituitary apoplexy is acute hemorrhage or infarction of the gland, and deficiency of antidiuretic hormone causes diabetes insipidus.
Une glande de la taille d'un pois située dans la selle turcique de l'os sphénoïde, reliée à l'hypothalamus par la tige pituitaire (infundibulum). Le lobe antérieur (adénohypophyse) produit six hormones principales. Le lobe postérieur (neurohypophyse) stocke et libère l'ocytocine et l'ADH produites par l'hypothalamus.
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| Type | Gland |
| Système corporel | Endocrinien |
| Région corporelle | Encéphale |
| Nom latin | Glandula pituitaria |
| FMA ID | 13889 |
Fonction
La glande endocrine maîtresse, produisant des hormones qui régulent la croissance (GH), la reproduction (FSH, LH, prolactine), la fonction thyroïdienne (TSH), la fonction surrénalienne (ACTH) et l'équilibre hydrique (ADH). Elle coordonne l'activité des autres glandes endocrines.
Signification clinique
Les adénomes hypophysaires peuvent provoquer un excès ou un déficit hormonal. L'acromégalie résulte d'un excès d'hormone de croissance. La maladie de Cushing résulte d'un excès d'ACTH. L'apoplexie hypophysaire est une hémorragie ou un infarctus aigu de la glande. Le diabète insipide résulte d'un déficit en ADH.
Frequently Asked Questions
What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?
The anterior pituitary secretes six major hormones: growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin. The posterior pituitary stores and releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin) and oxytocin, both produced in the hypothalamus.
Where is the pituitary gland located?
The pituitary gland sits in the sella turcica, a bony depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull. It is connected to the hypothalamus above by the pituitary stalk (infundibulum). The gland lies immediately below the optic chiasm, which is why pituitary tumors can cause visual field defects, particularly bitemporal hemianopia.
How small is the pituitary gland?
Despite controlling many vital endocrine functions, the pituitary gland is remarkably small — approximately 0.5 grams in weight and 1 cm in diameter, roughly the size of a pea. The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) comprises about 75–80% of the gland's volume, while the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) makes up the remainder.
Avertissement médical
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Educational Disclaimer
This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider for medical decisions.
Data sources: Terminologia Anatomica, Foundational Model of Anatomy, Wikidata.
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