Surface Anatomy and Landmarks

Surface anatomy involves identifying internal structures from external landmarks. This knowledge is essential for physical examination, injections, blood draws, and surgical procedures.

Key landmarks include: the sternal angle (angle of Louis) at the T4-T5 level marking the tracheal bifurcation; the jugular notch; the clavicle; the coracoid process; the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS); the greater trochanter; and the medial and lateral malleoli.

The midclavicular line, midaxillary line, and scapular line are vertical reference lines used to describe locations on the thorax. McBurney's point (one-third from ASIS to umbilicus) localizes the appendix.

Pulse points include the radial artery at the wrist, carotid artery in the neck, femoral artery at the mid-inguinal point, and the dorsalis pedis on the foot.