| Function |
The second cervical vertebra that provides a pivot point for rotation of the head. The dens (odontoid process) projects superiorly and acts as the axis around which the atlas rotates. |
The largest internal organ, performing over 500 metabolic functions including bile production, detoxification, protein synthesis (albumin, clotting factors), glycogen storage, and drug metabolism. |
| Clinical Significance |
Odontoid fractures are common cervical spine injuries, especially in elderly patients. Hangman's fracture involves bilateral pars interarticularis fractures of C2. Atlantoaxial instability occurs in rheumatoid arthritis and Down syndrome. |
Cirrhosis results from chronic liver disease (alcohol, hepatitis). Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary liver cancer. Hepatitis B and C are major global health concerns. Liver transplantation is performed for end-stage … |